Sociology/Rural Sociology 425

Winter Semester 2002

Perspectives on Community and Knowledge

Tuesday & Thursday, 11:00am - 12:15pm, 102 Black Culture Center

Dr. Daryl Hobbs
630 Clark Hall
(573) 882-7396
hobbsd@umsystem.edu

Office Hours by Appointment


**Required readings are available to be copied from Chi Collins (collinscl@missouri.edu) in 625 Clark Hall

Copy machine available in Clark Hall lobby.


Course Overview and Objectives

This seminar focuses on the reciprocal relationship between systems of knowledge and forms of social organization.  Key, overarching questions that will be considered over the course of the semester include:

  1. What is knowledge?  Who says so?  What difference does it make?  How is knowledge produced, defined, legitimated, validated, contested, and disseminated?  Why are some forms of knowledge (i.e. science) “valued” more highly than others?
  2. How does individual experience, collective experience, and local context (or what we might think of as “community”) affect the issues raised in point #1 above?
  3. How have these relationships changed over time?  More specifically, what are the implications of recent developments in telecommunications technologies for knowledge production and social organization?

Objectives for what participants will gain through this seminar include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Seminar participants will receive an introduction to perspectives and approaches from the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of scientific knowledge.
  2. Seminar participants will gain—through readings, discussion, and application—an appreciation for how culture, social position, and individual and collective experience impact the way that actors produce, interpret, and utilize knowledge.
  3. Seminar participants will use a sociology of knowledge perspective to better understand an event or issue of interest to them.

Format, Assignments, and Grading

Graduate seminars such as this one offer a unique learning opportunity by providing a setting for extended discussion and interaction among participants who bring diverse perspectives and experiences to bear on a common set of issues and topics.  The discussion generated by this diversity of viewpoints produces unique knowledge that could not be generated by all of the participants covering the same material individually.  Because of the centrality of class discussion to the learning experience, reading of materials prior to class is essential and in-class presentations and participation in class discussions will account for 50 percent of the course grade.  For each session there will be a set of core readings that will provide the basis for class discussion.  For certain topics there will be additional readings and other resources (web sites, etc.) that 2 or 3 persons will review and report on to the rest of the class.  The additional readings will complement and help contextualize the core readings.

Practical application of the theories of knowledge discussed and firsthand experience with how individuals and communities are grappling with these issues will also be central to this seminar.  This will occur primarily through the completion and presentation of a semester-long project which will account for the other 50 percent of the course grade and which is discussed below.

Project

Seminar participants will be expected to complete a project over the course of the semester, either individually or in groups of two or three persons.  The specific topic of the project will vary for each individual or group, but the project should deal in some way with how a particular community (of the individual or group’s choosing) produces, defines, is impacted by, etc., knowledge and information.  Research methods and presentation format for the final project (written report, audio-visual presentation, etc.) are open to negotiation.  Major assignments in relation to the project are the following: 

1.      A short (one- to two-page) description of your project idea will be due around the fourth week of class.  We will spend some time in class discussing proposed projects and getting feedback on our ideas. 

2.      A more detailed proposal, with some discussion of research methods and expected outcomes/products will be due around mid-semester and will once again be presented to the class for discussion.

3.      The final project will be due at the end of the semester and we will spend the last couple of class sessions on project presentations.

Topics and Readings

Perspectives on Knowledge

Week 1 (Jan. 22 & 24):  Introductions

Core Readings

Mills, C. Wright.  Appendix:  “On Intellectual Craftsmanship”, pp. 195-226 in The Sociological Imagination.  New York:  Oxford University Press.  1959.

Scott, James C.   Introduction: Seeing Like A State – How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (pp. 1-8) New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1998

Week 2 (Jan. 29 & 31): Sociology of Knowledge and Science I

Core Readings

Gerlach, L., & Hine, V.  (1973).  How do you spell (r)evolution?  In: Lifeway leap (pp. 9-26).  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Boulding, K. E.  (1983).  The optimum utilization of knowledge: Some central concepts.  In: K. E. Boulding & L. Senesh (Eds.), The optimum utilization of knowledge (pp. 1-19).  Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

O'Brien, R. C., & Helleiner, G. K.  (1983).  The political economy of information in a changing international economic order.  In: R. C. O'Brien (Ed.), Information, economics and power: The north-south dimension (pp. 1-27).  Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T.  (1967).  I.  The foundations of knowledge in everyday life.  In: P. L. Berger & T. Luckmann, The social construction of reality (pp. 19-46).  Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Rich, Robert F.  1979.  “The Pursuit of Knowledge.”  Knowledge:  Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 1(1):6-30.

Kondrat, Mary Ellen.  1994.  “Culture and Power in Technology Transfer:  Perspectives from a Critical Sociology of Knowledge.”  Social Development Issues 16(3):45-67.

Week 3 (Feb. 5 & 7): Sociology of Knowledge and Science II

Core Readings

Holzner, B., & Marx, J. H.  (1979).  Some historical notes on the sociology of knowledge.  In: B. Holzner & J. H. Marx, Knowledge application: The knowledge system in society (pp. 43-76).  Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Swidler, Ann and Jorge Arditi.  1994.  “The New Sociology of Knowledge.”  Annual Review of Sociology 20:305-330.

Busch, L.  (1978).  On understanding understanding: Two views of communication.  Rural Sociology 43:450-473.

Arditi, Jorge.  1994.  “Geertz, Kuhn, and the idea of a cultural paradigm.”  British Journal of Sociology 45(4):597-617.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Lacy, W. B., & Busch, L.  (1982).  Guardians of science: Journals and journal editors in the agricultural sciences.  Rural Sociology, 47, 429-448.

Kurzman, Charles.  1994.  “Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge.”  Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24(3):267-291.

Hughes, Everett.  “Psychology:  Science and/or Profession.”  Ch. 11 (pp. 139-144) in Men and Their Work.  Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.

Week 4 (Feb. 12 & 14): Sociology of Knowledge and Science III

Assignment Due:  1-2 page Project Idea

Core Readings

Kuhn, T.  (1962).  Revolutions as changes of world view.  In: T. Kuhn, The structure of scientific revolutions (pp. 110-134).  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mulkay, M.  (1980).  Science and the wider society.  In: M. Mulkay, Science and the sociology of knowledge (pp. 96-122).  London: George Allen and Unwin.

Brown, R. H.  (1993).  Modern science: Institutionalization of knowledge and rationalization of power.  The Sociological Quarterly, 34, 153-168.

Shapin, Steven.  1995.  “Here and everywhere:  sociology of scientific knowledge.”  Annual Review of Sociology 21:289-322.

Toward Utilization and Application

Week 5 (Feb. 19 & 21):  Social Capital Theory and Community

Core Readings

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986.  “The Forms of Capital.”  Pp. 241-258 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson.  New York : Greenwood Press.

Coleman, James. 1988.  “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.”  American Journal of Sociology 94(Supplement):S95-S120.

Portes, Alejandro and Sensenbrenner, Julia.  1993.  “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the social Determinants of Economic Action.” American Journal of Sociology 98(6).

Putnam, Robert D.  1995.  “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital.”  Journal of Democracy 6(1).

Taylor, Michael and Sara Singleton. 1993. “The Communal Resource: Transaction Costs and the Solution of Collective Action Problems”.  Politics & Society, 21(2):195-214.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Foley, Michael.  1997.  “Escape from Politics?  Social Theory and the Social Capital Debate.”  American Behavioral Scientist 40(5):550-562.

Greeley, Andrew. 1997.  “Coleman Revisited:  Religious Structures as a Source of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist 40(5):587-595.

Rubio, Mauricio.  1997.  “Perverse Social Capital—Some Evidence from Colombia.”  Journal of Economic Issues 31(3)805-817.

Week 6 (Feb. 26 & 28):  Social Capital and Community as Bases of Knowledge Production

Core Readings

Putnam, Robert D.  1996.  “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America.”  The American Prospect 24 (Winter [http://epn.org/prospect/24/24putn.hmtl]).

Edwards, Bob and Michael W. Foley.  “Social Capital and the Political Economy of Our Discontent.”  American Behavioral Scientist 40(5):669-679.

Scott, James C. “Thin Simplifications and Practical Knowledge: Metis” Seeing Like A State – How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (Chapter 9, pp. 309-341) New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1998_

Wilson, Patricia A.  1997.  “Building social capital:  a learning agenda for the twenty-first century.”  Urban Studies.  34(5/6):745-761.

Fox, Jonathan.  1996.  “How does civil society thicken?  The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico.”  World Development 24(6):1089-1103.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Ladd, Everett C.  1996.  “The data just don’t show erosion of America’s ‘social capital’.”  The Public Perspective (June/July).

Minkoff, Debra C.  1997.  “Producing Social Capital:  National Social Movements and Civil Society.”  American Behavioral Scientist 40(5):606-620.

The Tocqueville Files (web page on The American Prospect magazine web site) [http://epn.org/prospect/tocque.html].  A collection of articles from the magazine, mainly responses to and critiques of Putnam’s work.

Week 7 (Mar. 5 & 7):  Role of the Media—Civic Journalism and Knowledge Production I

Core Readings

Friedland, Lewis A.  1996.  “Bringing the news back home:  public journalism and rebuilding local communities.”  National Civic Review 85(3):45-49.

Charity, Arthur.  1996.  “What is public journalism?  Five communities, five examples.”  National Civic Review 85(1):14-20.

Hoyt, Mike.  1995.  “Are you now, or will you ever be, a civic journalist?”  Columbia Journalism Review 34(3):27-34.

Shepard, Alicia C.  1996.  “The Pew Connection.”  American Journalism Review 18(3):24-30.

Diamond, Edwin.  1997.  “Civic journalism:  an experiment that didn’t work.”  Columbia Journalism Review 36(2):11-12.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Pew Center for Civic Journalism web site [http://www.pewcenter.org/].

Getting the Connections Right:  Public Journalism and the Troubles in the Press.  Web page from the Civic Practices Network (CPN) featuring excerpts from a book by Jay Rosen, a prominent figure in the civic journalism movement and director of the Project on Public Life and the Press at New York University.

Week 8 (Mar. 12 & 14):  Presentation and Discussion of Project Proposals

Assignment Due:  Project Proposal (5-10 pages)

Week 9 (Mar. 19 & 21):  Civic Journalism and Knowledge Production II

Core Readings

Bowman, Monica.  1997.  “Civic journalism and local government.”  Public Management (April).

Frankel, Max.  1995.  “Journalists should leave reform to reformers.”  The Masthead 47(3):21-22.

Schaffer, Jan.  1997.  “The Best or Worst?”  Quill 85(4):25-28.

Ettema, James S. and Limor Peer.  1996.  “Good news from bad neighborhoods:  toward an alternative to the discourse of urban pathology.”  Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73(4):835-857.

Gans, H. J.  (1981).  Values in the news.  In: I. Robertson (Ed.), The social world (pp. 40-48).  New York: Worth Publishers.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Democracy Place USA.  Civic journalism web site. [http://democracyplace.org:80/~democracy/downtownpic.html].

Civic Practices Network web site [http://www.cpn.org/index.html].

 

SPRING BREAK

 

Week 10 (Apr. 2 & 4):  Participatory Action Research and Indigenous Knowledge I

Core Readings

Fals-Borda, Orlando and Mohammad Anisur Rahman.  1991.  Action and Knowledge:  Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action-Research.  Ch. 1-2 (pp. 3-23).  New York: The Apex Press.

Smith, Susan E.  1997.  “Deepening Participatory Action-Research.”  Ch. 7 (pp. 173-252) in Nurtured by Knowledge:  Learning to Do Participatory Action-Research.  New York:  The Apex Press.

Slim, Hugo and Paul Thompson.  1995.  “First person:  putting people at the centre of development.”  Ch. 3 (pp. 19-60) in Listening for a Change.  Philadelphia:  New Society Publishers.

Week 11 (Apr. 9 & 11): Participatory Action Research and Indigenous Knowledge II

Core Readings

Cashman, Kristin.  1991.  “Systems of Knowledge As Systems of Domination: The Limitations of Established Meaning.”  Agriculture and Human Values Winter-Spring pp. 49-56.

Sagasti. F. R.  1979.  “Towards endogenous science and technology for another development.” Development Dialogue, 1:13-23.

Rhoades, R. E.  19--.  “Tecnicista versus campesinista: Praxis and theory of farmer involvement in agricultural research.”  Farmers' Participation, 139-150.

Biggelaar, Christofel.  1991.  “Farming Systems Development: Synthesizing Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Systems. Agriculture and Human Values.” 8(1&2):25-36.

Feldman, Shelley and Rick Welsh.  1995.  “Feminist Knowledge Claims, Local Knowledge, and Gender Divisions of Agricultural Labor: Constructing a Successor Science.”  Rural Sociology 60(1):23-43.

Week 12 (Apr. 16 & 18):  Education as Knowledge Production:  Perspectives and Examples

Guest Participant:  Steve Barrett

Core Readings

Freire, Paulo.  Pedagogy of the oppressed (pp. 27-56).  New York:  Seabury Press.  1970.

Moll, Luis C., Cathy Amanti, Deborah Neff, and Norma Gonzalez.  1992.  “Funds of Knowledge for Teaching:  Using a Qualitative Approach to Connect Homes and Classrooms.”  Theory into Practice 31(2):132-141.

Apple, M. W., & Weis, L.  1986.  “Seeing education relationally: The stratification of culture and people in the sociology of school knowledge.”  Journal of Education, 168(1):9-31.

The Economist Magazine.  1997.  “The Knowledge Factory.”  October 4, 1997.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

White, Karl R. 1982. “The Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement.”  Psychological Bulletin.  91(3):461-481.

Smith, Mark, Beaulieu, Lionel, and Scraphine, Ann.  1995.  “Social Capital, Place of Residence, and College Attendance.” Rural Sociology 60(3):364-380.

Smrekar, Claire.  1996.  “In Whose Interest?”  Ch. 1 (pp. 1-14) in The Impact of School Choice and Community.  Albany:  State University of New York Press.

Week 13 (Apr. 23 & 25):  Implications of Telecommunications Technologies for Knowledge Production I

Core Readings

Beamish, Anne.  1995.  Background.”  Ch. 1 in Communities Online:  Community-Based Computer Networks.  Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Schuler, Douglas.  1996.  New Community Networks:  Wired for Change.  Ch. 1: Introduction (pp. 1-34).  New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Grossman, Lawrence K.  1996.  “Participation is both enhanced and transformed in The Electronic Republic.”  The Public Perspective (June/July):31-38.

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Beamish, Anne.  Communities Online:  Community-Based Computer Networks.  Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (online) [http://alberti.mit.edu/arch/4.207/anneb/thesis/toc.html].

Guy, Neil K.  Community Networks:  Building Real Communities in a Virtual Space?  Masters Thesis. (online) [http://www.vcn.bc.ca/people/nkg/ma-thesis/].

The Community Networking Movement web site [http://www.scn.org/ip/commnet/home.html].

Week 14 (Apr. 30 & May 2): Implications of Telecommunications Technologies for Knowledge Production II

Guest Participants: Mary Leuci and Ted Gallion of Missouri Express

Core Readings

Fernback, Jan and Brad Thompson.  1995.  Virtual Communities:  Abort, Retry, or Failure?”  [http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/VCcivil.html].

Schuler, Douglas. 1996.  New Community Networks:  Wired for Change.  Ch. 2: Conviviality and Culture (pp. 35-74).  New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Schuler, Douglas. 1996.  New Community Networks:  Wired for Change.  Ch. 6: Economic Equity, Opportunity, and Sustainability (pp. 177-214).  New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

MacDonald, Ted.  What is Missouri Express?

Additional Readings and Other Resources

Missouri Express web site [http://outreach.missouri.edu/moexpress/].

Missouri Community Information Networks (CINs) [http://www.more.net/projects/mo_express/cins.html].  (Courtesy of MOREnet).

Missouri Research and Education Network (MOREnet) web site [http://www.more.net/].

Civic Networking:  The Next Generation.”  CIN Conference 1998, Mar. 22-23, 1998, Missouri’s Tan-Tar-A Resort, Osage Beach, Missouri.

Week 15 (May 7 & 9): Presentation and Discussion of Projects

Finals Week (May 13-17):  Presentation and Discussion of Projects (Meeting Time to be Arranged)

Assignment Due:  Final Project

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